Velocities were compared in the coronal and apical areas to the ledge, respectively. PIV was performed with glass beads and a high-speed camera. The samples were irrigated with LAI, UAI, and SI with a tip/needle insertion depth of 5 mm from the apical foramen ( n = 7). 60/0.08 instrument at 5 mm from the apical foramen in each canal. 35/0.06, and a ledge, 2.5 mm deep, was created with no. Materials and m ethods: Forty-nine J-shaped root canal models (40° curvature) were instrumented to no. Background data: There was no reported study about cleaning efficacy of LAI beyond the ledge. Objective: This study aimed to examine the irrigant flow generated by laser-activated irrigation (LAI), in comparison with ultrasonic-activated irrigation (UAI) and syringe irrigation (SI), in the area beyond the ledge using particle image velocimetry (PIV).
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